Armstrong (nicknamed He would conduct his band from his drum set. Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. A standard big band consists of saxes, trumpets and trombones with a rhythm section. One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. He toured in many parts of the world and was also commissioned to record classical compositions. A unique feature of this style was the use of riffs performed as call and response between woodwinds and brass as an integral part of the arrangement heard in Bennie Motens Moten Swing (1932) and Count Basies One OClock Jump (1937). and Ph. featuring trumpeter Chet BAKER). : The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is trombone. And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. freedom vs. chaos. During the 1920s, Kansas City, Oklahoma City, and Dallas were vital crossroads resulting in a mix of musical styles and cultures. premiered George GERSHWIN's Rhapsody in Blue and kicked off an singing" (in which he sings like an instrument on scat The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully . Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young. From Swing as Popular Music 1. They can be used to produce a melody or harmony for nearly every musical style. His pioneering vocal style, which treated his voice as an instrument, provided the foundation for vocal jazz interpretation. Casa Loma Stomp marked the first recording of this emerging style in 1930. by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. Only hotel-type bands such as that of Guy Lombardo and select jazz players such as Benny Goodman found consistent employment. Explain your opinion in a book review. was introduced with greater emphasis on the soloist. Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day. Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. When you mentioned the word Jazz to the average person, they probably think of Swing music, and for good reason. The major "black" bands of the 1930s included, apart from Ellington's, Hines's and Calloway's, those of Jimmie Lunceford, Chick Webb, and Count Basie. He toured and recorded many solos with, most notably, the Count Basie band. Figure 3: WMU's "Gold Rhythm Section: (click here to see a YouTube Theyre noticeable, but not overwhelming. Some large contemporary European jazz ensembles play mostly avant-garde jazz using the instrumentation of the big bands. Other bandleaders used Brazilian and Afro-Cuban music with big band instrumentation, and big bands led by arranger Gil Evans, saxophonist John Coltrane (on the album Ascension from 1965) and bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius introduced cool jazz, free jazz and jazz fusion, respectively, to the big band domain. grooves), - Hawkins made his first recording with Fletcher Henderson and he would go on to perform throughout England and Europe. An Autobiography: John Hammond on Record with Irvin Townsend.
characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, [37] As jazz migrated from its New Orleans origin to Chicago and New York City, energetic, suggestive dances traveled with it. Fitzgerald was unique in her ability to render exact imitations of nearly any instrument in the band. The Ellington orchestra succeeded in part through the expert use and contribution of consistently talented and unique players. This intermingling of sections became a defining characteristic of big bands. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. But there were a few instrumental popular hits, such as Count Basie's "One O'Clock Jump" and Miller's "In the Mood." 3. highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed When new arrangements are written, they are usually in the same style as the original band. The music of Count Basie (19041984) represents a leading voice in the big band style. * Southwest bands offered a different solution to big band improvisational structures. II. "8-to-the-bar" rhythmic structure: (LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short), 1 2 Much like the stock in Gumbo, it provides an essential rhythmic and harmonic element in swing music. "walking bass" accompaniment, - Harmony It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & of American jazz. Ella Fitzgerald, the featured vocalist of Chick Webbs Orchestra during the late 1930s, is considered to be one of the most outstanding singers of the swing era. They used their voices as instruments to demonstrate their command of scat singing. Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. (who are noted for their blending of Afro-Cuban jazz elements within a the 1930s, famed jazz pianists Edward "Duke" [24] In many cases, however, the distinction between these roles can become blurred. There was a considerable range of styles among the hundreds of popular bands. (click of main line "crooners" such as Bing Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. to jazz, performing at the same time. In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. The most basic element of a song is also one of the most important a good rhythm. techniques (from native African musical tradition in which a leader does a who specialized in less improvised tunes with more emphasis on sentimentality, featuring somewhat slower-paced, often heart-felt songs.[43]. completely abandoned the song's melody, which has made this style less performing at the same time." 3. Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. Improvisation: This can be best described as "composing and [22] Some bandleaders, such as Guy Lombardo, performed works composed by others (in Lombardo's case, often by his brother Carmen),[23] while others, such as Maria Schneider, take on all three roles. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites. Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. . 3 4 5 6 7 8, - Swing as popular music usually had vocals, such as Glenn Miller's "Chattanooga Choo-Choo," and was intended for dancing. and His Mother Called Him Bill, featured "Blood Count" and "Lotus Blossom," was a tribute album to . Although and ingenuity. Other swing bands in New York City and beyond incorporated the defining elements associated with the Kansas City tradition to which they added their own stamp, as did Chick Webb and His Orchestra (Stomping at the Savoy, 1934), and Lionel Hampton and His Orchestra (Flying Home, 1942). His music was a combination of solo and ensemble playing. And because of this, Swing had a greater emphasis on written-out composition and arrangements. The music business suffered during the Great Depression. endstream endobj 1555 0 obj <>/Metadata 104 0 R/Outlines 108 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 1544 0 R/StructTreeRoot 655 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1556 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 1557 0 obj <>stream [47] In Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Bennie Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. For this reason the pianists left hand generally just played chords on the beat; while his right hand built rhythmic patterns around chords and chord tone, and especially guide tone often just playing arpeggios or simple bluesy licks. Concert Louis Blues, but by the late 1930s, with the migration of Cubans and Puerto Ricans to New York City, Afro-Cuban music emerged along with new dances, such as the rhumba. And they played a particular type of Swing in Kansas City known as: Kansas City Jazz. The "Modern Popular Music" chart below, Latin-based rock idiom). are described below. As a result of the military draft and transportation hardships in the U.S., the swing era ended quickly. A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. and the Lincoln Center Jazz Although many of these bands maintain a close tie to the swinging style of the Basie and Herman bands, others exhibit a new and very individualized style. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano This is where one section (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the saxes); the first phrase is the call, the answer is the response (like a musical conversation). The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. Most swing was performed by Big Bands, which were literally big bands, divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section consisting mostly of drums, bass, guitar, and piano. Fletcher Henderson and Don Redman are credited with having created the formula for swing arrangements. While each instrument in a swing band can be compared to an ingredient in Gumbo, none of them have been equated with the seasoning so far. From the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band leaders in America. These smaller groups would play during intermissions of the larger band. Fish, Scott K. Duke Ellington vs Chick Webb: We Tore Them Up, Man. March 1, 2016. https://scottkfish.com/2016/03/01/5221/. Radio increased the fame of Benny Goodman, the "Pied Piper of Swing". bWkwf>JW'wJj_]6/?NxP]-0_wg"2;WjbuY5sujr7g/sueG>trp~ZBV7]M(//m!o/f[^fb]x>f]aX?UnAW|ng)]s? California. The bands led by Helen Lewis, Ben Bernie, and Roger Wolfe Kahn's band were filmed by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1925, in three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). leaders in America. [29], An arrangement's first chorus is sometimes preceded by an introduction, which may be as short as a few measures or may extend to a chorus of its own. Bassists generally assumed the role of timekeeper, while drummers functioned in a dual capacity. While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. His bebop collaborations with trumpeter Dizzy GILLESPIE are some of the greatest moments in music history. YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube - a jazz choir (with or without instrumental accompaniment): Jazz combos often feature virtuoso performers, on It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. leaders in America. (1899-1974): The This type of music flourished through the early 1930s, although there was little mass audience for it until around 1936. In the early 1950s a smoother, more endstream endobj 1558 0 obj <>stream Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this As a result, employment opportunities for jazz musicians increased and Kansas City became a jazz mecca. Since theyre built of brass, saxophones tend to produce a trumpet-like buzzing sound. This would go back and forth a number of times. Beacon, 2006. photo by Patricia Schneider. Jazz began in New Orleans in the Company B, was popularized through records and film by The Andrews Sisters during World War Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. The Cotton Club, Harlem, New York City, early 1930s. sense means to merge styles together. The swing era is thought to be the best time to consider big band music as a concept for music fans. Coleman Hawkins (19041969) was the first great saxophonist of jazz. (String Bass or Electric Bass), plucked with the fingers, often providing a Until the political climate changes in Chile, Allende will write from her current home in Some of the Piano techniques employed during the Swing Era were: A good example of this is the Count Basie song Kansas City Keys. 1. style known as SWING. Their styles are uniquely different, yet both helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singer. Cubans Mario Bauz and Machito (Francisco Ral Gutirrez Grillo), founder of the Afro-Cubans; Puerto Rican Ernesto Antonio Tito Puente with Oye como va; and Afro-Cuban drummer Chano Pozo (Luciano Pozo Gonzlez), famous for playing with and influencing Dizzy Gillespies Manteca, were among the most prominent band leaders and musicians. Examples include the Vienna Art Orchestra, founded in 1977, and the Italian Instabile Orchestra, active in the 1990s. All Jazz styles have two common features: - Guiding Principals. Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. And what better instrument to provide a bona fide rhythm for a swing band than a set of drums? Two other musical characteristics of swing bands are a return to the use of a flat-four rhythm and the use of block chords (chords with many notes moving in parallel motion). Q G("CH^T)daA]yg~zN^y>.g~01D%>7dj.|K+8'9 q*U!i|O1#"v\YOGtc_GD1JL. Jazz is America's Kansas City was busy with musical activity from the early 1920s to about 1938. The Dorsey Brothers started with a large-band version of Dixieland featuring singer Bob Crosby who later developed his own band. When it comes to swing music, keyboards are typically used as a harmonic element. To produce memorable swing music entertainment, you need a solid base, some leading ingredients and some harmonic elements. [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. The Double Bass is shaped like other string instruments such as the guitar or violin. Bridging the gap to white audiences in the mid-1930s was the Casa Loma Orchestra and Benny Goodman's early band. For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band note-for-note. Jazz vocalists during this era were highly influenced by horn players. Perhaps it started with the habanera in Mortons early compositions, and in the bridge of W. C. Handys St. A versatile instrument, the saxophone is swing musics version of the Holy Trinity (celery, bell peppers and onions) used in Gumbo. "12 2 3 4", then start the [44], Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. Maria Schneider assisted Gil Evans, wrote for Woody Herman and Mel Lewis, and has conducted jazz orchestras around the world. Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. The manner in which theyre utilized often depends on the particular composition of the song being played. He created his band as a vehicle for his compositions. ", One of the most common forms used in jazz The better jazz musicians of swing bands would form swing combos within most large bands. A ballad is a simple song, usually romantic in nature, and uses the same melody for each stanza. Since 1960, several newer types jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). Big bands of today are not all from an earlier era. Keyboards are the swing band equivalent of rice in Gumbo. The . attractive to general listeners. Air blown into the tube of the saxophone reverberates as it hits the brass tubing. African American theaters and night clubs, the Apollo, the Savoy, and the Lafayette, became legendary for presenting jazz combos and orchestras. Beacon, 2002. (5) tromboneJoe Nanton, and (6) clarinetBarney Bigard. shows the development of the main jazz styles in relation to other aspects of Instead of just embellishing the melody, he created a whole new melody based on the songs harmony by arpeggiating the chords and adding further chord alterations and substitutions to make his solo more complex. Her version of the nursery rhyme A-Tisket, A-Tasket (1938) brought her international fame. Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player. Tenor saxophonist Lester Young (19091959) had a different approach than Hawkins and used a lighter tone. The Great Depression, which started with the stock market crash in 1929, and WWII which ended in 1945. progression and the same number of measures/beats, but it may be applied to Daniels, Douglas. A distinction is often made between so-called "hard bands", such as those of Count Basie and Tommy Dorsey, which emphasized quick hard-driving jump tunes, and "sweet bands", such as the Glenn Miller Orchestra and the Shep Fields Rippling Rhythm Orchestra,[41][42]. Some listeners feel that all swing bands sound alike but bandleaders wanted to be distinguished. 1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington Some bands, like those of Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Woody Herman, that performed in the 1920s, 1930s, or 1940s continued to perform successfully into the 1970s and 1980s. This lineup was typical of swing era bands. highly improvisatory style called Bebop, Swing band music was organized in homophonywhere two or more instruments played similar or complementary lines. Whether your event needs a small ensemble or a full big band sound, we have the professionalism and class needed for functions requiring real live music! Very important to the development of the Swing Bands were the role of the composer/arranger and the excellent stylizations of musicians. (, : This can be best described as "composing and clip on the basic jazz rhythm section), - Bass Saxophones also feature a number of keys built into the main section of the tube; these keys can change the pitch or note being played. "Swing" feeling: The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is Other female bands were led by trumpeter B. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then typically consisting of 10-25 pieces, came to dominate popular music. The instrumental lineup of a big band will vary from ensemble to ensemble, but is typically composed of around 17 musicians, divided into four sections: five saxophones; four trombones; four trumpets; a rhythm section of piano, double bass and drums; Common additions might include guitar, french horn, tuba or a vocalist. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and _________________. A large string instrument with an extremely low pitch, the Double Bass is a staple of most swing bands. He was also one Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. instruments (one or more: Piano, African American big band arrangers such as Fletcher Henderson and Eddie Durham were major contributors to the success of white bandleaders such as Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, and Glen Miller. of Company B (1941). During the next decades, ballrooms filled with people doing the jitterbug and Lindy Hop. So the Swing Era was during the Depression and it acted as a kind of counter-statement or rebellion against the unemployment and misery that the Depression caused. The lyrics kept within these traditions. Goodmans clarinet playing was a combination of great wit, precise musicianship, beautiful subtleties, and never-ending swing. Vocalists began to strike out on their own. Da Capo Reprint Paperback, 1973. 0 Above all else, Swing music is dance music which means it was: This also meant it was incredibly commercial. This form maintains the same chord The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? is called the ", The A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. trombones Swing music appealed most dramatically to this demographic group: teenagers A "shout chorus" is: the final, climactic chorus in an arrangement Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? exemplifies many of the most innovative aspects of this new jazz style: (1) It Woody Herman's first band, nicknamed the First Herd, borrowed from progressive jazz, while the Second Herd emphasized the saxophone section of three tenors and one baritone. The project is also supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. Charlie PARKER and Dizzy The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. Fletchers [Henderson] band had the same elements; so did Benny Motens back in 1932, when Basie played with him., Every week they would feature a guest band at the Savoy Ballroom. Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. Jam Blues features a 12-bar blues pattern with each subsequent varied chorus Gloria Parker had a radio program on which she conducted the largest all-girl orchestra led by a female. These ensembles typically featured three or more accordions accompanied by piano, guitar, bass, cello, percussion, and marimba with vibes and were popularized by recording artists such as Charles Magnante,[10][11] Joe Biviano[12][13] and John Serry. Ellington, Duke Kennedy. As I said before, Swing music is played by Big Bands. In the fifties, the emergence of rock-and-roll would capture broad attention as jazz moved in new artistic directions. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. They refuse to look for new ideas and new outlets, so they fall by the waysideIm going to try to find out the new ideas before the others do., I stole everything I ever heard, but mostly I stole from the horns.. :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. This approach was then further expanded upon by Bebop, which largely abandoned the original melody of the song to create brand new melodies based on an established chord progression this was known as a contrafact. While bassists can use a bow to vibrate the strings, swing band bassists will frequently pluck the strings instead. improvised solo structure on the choruses: (1) piano--Ellington), (2) jazz After 1935, big bands rose to prominence playing swing music and held a major role in defining swing as a distinctive style. In the 1950s, a smooth style of "West an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. DoZjyk]Z^0])*6`pje?NG.s#n1[Mgv,3/W5k'(?_pq,JZ7jaF:m(YTm7RhoQ>luNRjY%- I) West Side Story. It served to distract people from the daily grind of reality. orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white for hits such as Take the A Train, and Satin Doll, as well as colorful and Swing is an outgrowth of the 1920s big band traditions in Chicago, Kansas City, and New York City. premiered. serene style of "cool jazz" became the rage on the west coast. initiated by a 4-measure lead-in improvised over a "C" chord This expansive eclecticism characterized much of jazz after World War II. The swing era took place during which two important historical events? Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. How relevant do you believe the poem is today? Pianist and vocalist Sarah Vaughan also influenced many singers. The group emphasized correct technique and accurate playing and released its first recording in 1930. Big bands generally have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. Figure 1: The Western Jazz Quartet (piano: Coast" Cool Jazz emerged, using [14][12][13] [15][16][17][18], Twenty-first century big bands can be considerably larger than their predecessors, exceeding 20 players, with some European bands using 29 instruments and some reaching 50. introduction, the main theme, and four varied improvised choruses. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. Walter Page is often credited with developing the walking bass,[38] though earlier examples exist, such as Wellman Braud on Ellington's Washington Wabble from 1927. Stream Jazz" by combining a jazz combo with symphony orchestra. Beside her vocal timbre, her unique style delayed the placement of words and phrases compared with the musical pulse, producing a behind-the-beat effect that became her trademark. During the "Roaring Which white swing clarinetist and bandleader, who spent as much of his early career as he could in Harlem, once said, "I was actually leading the life of a Negro musician"?

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