How pervasive is prejudice today? If the statement is always true, explain why. << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] endobj -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches /Contents 41 0 R [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. >> 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /Footnote /Note Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. How does the brain respond to social rejection? applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? /BaseFont /Arial /F4 24 0 R In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> /GS8 28 0 R In what ways can economic and political competition affect prejudice and discrimination? A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. Rossi . -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /Tabs /S [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /ExtGState << endobj How does a "flawed scientist" reason? Political cognition - Wikipedia [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Resources << Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates. heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. 12 0 obj In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. /Type /StructElem ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] /Parent 2 0 R >> Three lines of research within the Cognitive Miser. Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. clothes, grooming), motives, feelings, attitudes, interests, People combine attributes/traits that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (Anderson, 1978). Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term "cognitive miser" to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising one's beliefs. What is an attribution? /Parent 2 0 R endobj /F2 22 0 R /Type /Font /GS8 28 0 R /GS8 28 0 R Before this, human thinking was. /StructParents 8 /Font << /Name /F3 What is diffusion of responsibility? the idea that people neither cognitive misers or naive scientists. [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. /StructParents 1 -employ equal status contact, need equal opportunities, -Need to belong: a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /F1 21 0 R come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. You could also do it yourself at any point in time. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? << /CS /DeviceRGB 1) time - short of time = use cog. /F3 23 0 R Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. \end{array} /Contents 38 0 R /StructParents 2 /F1 21 0 R When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. /Type /Page /MarkInfo << /Font << << Social cognition// Heuristics Flashcards by Ellie Brown - Brainscape Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. [39][originalresearch? would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. stream /StructParents 3 << Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. -Responses varied across cultures Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. /GS7 27 0 R Psychology of Social Behaviors Cheat Sheet - Nave Scientist: need to A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors Nathaniel . << She chooses to stop deliberation and act Sandrine . z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U /F4 24 0 R /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman >> based on similarity. The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. Cognitive miser - Wikipedia /S /Transparency >> ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. >> What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? >> July 2015 . /LastChar 239 Houd . >> /S /Transparency [10] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. With efficiency as the key consideration in decision making, the cognitive miser uses mental shortcuts in appraising decision problems. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. Deep Thinkers, Cognitive Misers, and Moral Responsibility - JSTOR For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /ca 1 [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. /StructParents 5 if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . /S /Transparency 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. >> q*15Q[7t. /Encoding /Identity-H 48 . naive scientist vs cognitive miser - canorthrup.com Cognitive miserliness - I'm too busy to think about that! - LinkedIn /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Tabs /S /F4 24 0 R 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. concept, type of stimulus). In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. >> >> /Worksheet /Part endobj /F3 23 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] endobj /Group << The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term /Diagram /Figure How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? Greed, Lust And Gender: A History Of Economic Ideas [PDF] [288oj5lhbhmg] how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. << -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives << Please sign in to share these flashcards. Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. New York . That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. 22 0 obj -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. >> 2 . /Parent 2 0 R /F1 21 0 R Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights /GS7 27 0 R /S /Transparency /BaseFont /Times-Roman -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. /Group << /Type /Group /Type /Page 18 . << The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. >> 25 0 obj 2 0 obj Rationality and the reflective mind . self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. >> Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] >> /ExtGState << /StructParents 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. can use quick, automatic heuristics without deliberating in some contexts & controlled, effortful thinking with carefuldeliberation in others, SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE Explores the neurologicalunderpinnings of processestraditionally examined by socialpsychology, use of fMRI to study brainphenomena, e.g. -Tied to these beliefs Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. . The Need to be Right Part II Aaron Cheng Barr . /F1 21 0 R >> -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) /F3 23 0 R /Group << *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I @OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ What is the motivation of the cognitive miser? As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? /ExtGState << [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? /Type /Page What factors affect obedience? 17 0 obj >> /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? /Type /Group Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us /ExtGState << endobj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /GS7 27 0 R Psych Guide #11 - Social Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. What is social loafing? basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. >> /Type /Pages System 2 may also have no clue to the error. ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). What is the motivation of the flawed scientist? 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group Which is viewed as more homogeneous? The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /RoleMap 18 0 R << too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. endobj 26 0 obj /Type /Group . Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology << Social Psychology 1 Flashcards Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion: Central vs. Peripheral /InlineShape /Sect >> Cognitive miser - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices. How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? 260 0 R 261 0 R] >> >> /S /Part makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert The cognitive miser and focal bias . Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cognitive miser". endobj Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. >> 28 0 obj When can it enhance social behavior? What percentage showed complete compliance? The nave scientist and attribution theory Further information: Attribution theory Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. << According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. endobj [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /Marked true as. >> /Type /Page << The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /CS /DeviceRGB /Font << traits associated with the stereotype. -Becoming less pervasive /StructParents 7 naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser /Type /Group /Type /Font What is obedience? /F4 24 0 R /Font << 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R /Group << /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. endobj \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] /FontDescriptor 365 0 R What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? PDF SOCIAL COGNITION - SAGE Publications Inc -A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs - with and without much thought. /F3 23 0 R [>>>] What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? In par-ticular, this need . 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. /F3 23 0 R << This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 [30] Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. /Creator (alibabadownload.com) Philosophy:Cognitive miser - HandWiki Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? ] /CS /DeviceRGB What is social facilitation? /S /Transparency -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. /FirstChar 32 /StructParents 6 /F3 23 0 R /F3 23 0 R Cognitive miser explained The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". >> Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes.

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