Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Student / It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. PDF Elizabethan England 155888. (Paper 2) Model - The Oakwood Academy 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. . Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. migration? VAT reg no 816865400. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. 2. Use your outline The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley | English statesman Elizabeth I | Hampton Court Palace | Historic Royal Palaces - Leith blockade. How successful was Elizabeth I in dealing with foreign policy - StudyMode The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. - rebelling of scottish lords. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. Boston Spa, The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. 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One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. The Catholic threat - Elizabethan Religious Settlement - AQA - BBC Bitesize These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. By instinct, Elizabeth was a 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Boston Spa, Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. PPTX What problems did Elizabeth I face when she became Queen in 1558? As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. First English colony in Virginia established. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. Write a paragraph or two. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . LS23 6AD They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. By 1568 most people had accepted. Why was France a threat? A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). God blew and they were scattered - The National Archives He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. Elizabeth I and Finances - History Learning Site How serious a threat was Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth's rule? Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Become a Member | Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Challenges to Elizabeth's rule - Edexcel - BBC Bitesize Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? Elizabeth I: a biography. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. VAT reg no 816865400. It had to deal with Irish . West Yorkshire, Roman Catholics . Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Company Reg no: 04489574. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. and reversing the religious settlement. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. Elizabeth mock: "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main - Quizlet Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. Who was Queen Elizabeth enemies? - idswater.com In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Elizabeth I and Spain - History Learning Site King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Boston House, The Problems Facing Elizabeth in 1558 - Coggle "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. What were the causes of westward King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. Elizabeth I: Facts About The 'Virgin Queen', Daughter Of Anne Boleyn [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. Queen Elizabeth I: The Controversies and the - Ancient Origins Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. Foreign Affairs. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. Boston Spa, Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Explain why Mary, Queen of Scots, was a threat to the reign of King Philip of Spain sent an. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Elizabeth I and France - History Learning Site Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined.

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